Pola Desain di XOOPS

2.5.x ✅ 4.0.x ✅

Pola desain adalah solusi yang dapat digunakan kembali untuk masalah umum desain perangkat lunak. XOOPS menggunakan beberapa pola mapan yang membantu menjaga kualitas kode, meningkatkan kemampuan pengujian, dan meningkatkan fleksibilitas sistem.

Pemilihan Pola Cepat

Tidak yakin pola mana yang akan digunakan? Lihat:

Memilih Pola Akses Data — handler vs repositori vs layanan vs CQRS
Memilih Sistem Acara — acara pramuat vs PSR-14

Ikhtisar

Memahami dan menerapkan pola desain dengan benar sangat penting untuk membuat module XOOPS yang dapat dipelihara. Panduan ini mencakup pola yang paling umum digunakan dalam pengembangan XOOPS.

Pola	Tujuan	Kasus Penggunaan Umum
MVC	Pemisahan kekhawatiran	Struktur module
Lajang	Jaminan contoh tunggal	Koneksi basis data
Pabrik	Abstraksi pembuatan objek	handler, basis data
Pengamat	Pemberitahuan acara	Pramuat, notifikasi
Dekorator	Ekstensi perilaku dinamis	Elemen formulir, filter
Strategi	Pertukaran algoritma	Otentikasi, validasi
Adaptor	Kompatibilitas antarmuka	Integrasi kode lama
Repositori	Abstraksi akses data	Persistensi data

Model-View-Controller (MVC)

Pola MVC memisahkan aplikasi menjadi tiga komponen yang saling berhubungan, menjadikan basis kode lebih terorganisir dan dapat diuji.

Arsitektur

flowchart TB
    subgraph MVC["MVC Pattern in XOOPS"]
        Controller["🎮 Controller<br/>(index.php, admin/index.php)"]
        Model["📦 Model<br/>(Handlers)"]
        View["🎨 View<br/>(Templates)"]

        Controller --> Model
        Controller --> View
        Model <--> View
    end

    style Controller fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1976d2
    style Model fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#f57c00
    style View fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#388e3c

Model (Lapisan Data)

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class Article extends \XoopsObject
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->initVar('article_id', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, null, false);
        $this->initVar('title', XOBJ_DTYPE_TXTBOX, '', true, 255);
        $this->initVar('content', XOBJ_DTYPE_TXTAREA, '', true);
        $this->initVar('author_id', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, 0, true);
        $this->initVar('status', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, 1, false);
        $this->initVar('created', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, time(), false);
        $this->initVar('modified', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, time(), false);
    }

    public function isPublished(): bool
    {
        return $this->getVar('status') === 1;
    }

    public function getFormattedDate(): string
    {
        return formatTimestamp($this->getVar('created'));
    }
}

class ArticleHandler extends \XoopsPersistableObjectHandler
{
    public function __construct(\XoopsDatabase $db)
    {
        parent::__construct($db, 'mymodule_articles', Article::class, 'article_id', 'title');
    }

    public function getPublishedArticles(int $limit = 10): array
    {
        $criteria = new \CriteriaCompo();
        $criteria->add(new \Criteria('status', 1));
        $criteria->setSort('created');
        $criteria->setOrder('DESC');
        $criteria->setLimit($limit);

        return $this->getObjects($criteria);
    }
}

Tampilan (Lapisan Presentasi)

{* templates/article_list.tpl *}
<div class="article-list">
    <h2>{$smarty.const._MD_MYMODULE_ARTICLES}</h2>

    {foreach from=$articles item=article}
        <article class="article-item">
            <h3>
                <a href="{$xoops_url}/modules/mymodule/article.php?id={$article.article_id}">
                    {$article.title|escape}
                </a>
            </h3>
            <p class="meta">
                {$smarty.const._MD_MYMODULE_POSTED}: {$article.formatted_date}
            </p>
            <div class="content">
                {$article.content|truncate:200}
            </div>
        </article>
    {/foreach}
</div>

Pengontrol (Lapisan Logika)

<?php
require_once dirname(__DIR__, 2) . '/mainfile.php';

use XoopsModules\MyModule\Helper;

$helper = Helper::getInstance();
$articleHandler = $helper->getHandler('Article');

// Get action from request
$op = \Xmf\Request::getString('op', 'list');

switch ($op) {
    case 'view':
        $articleId = \Xmf\Request::getInt('id', 0);
        $article = $articleHandler->get($articleId);

        if (!$article) {
            redirect_header(XOOPS_URL, 3, _MD_MYMODULE_NOT_FOUND);
        }

        $GLOBALS['xoopsOption']['template_main'] = 'mymodule_article_view.tpl';
        require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/header.php';

        $xoopsTpl->assign('article', $article->toArray());
        break;

    case 'list':
    default:
        $articles = $articleHandler->getPublishedArticles(10);

        $GLOBALS['xoopsOption']['template_main'] = 'mymodule_article_list.tpl';
        require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/header.php';

        $xoopsTpl->assign('articles', array_map(fn($a) => $a->toArray(), $articles));
        break;
}

require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/footer.php';

Pola Tunggal

Pola Singleton memastikan suatu kelas hanya memiliki satu instance dan menyediakan akses global ke sana.

Kapan Digunakan

Koneksi basis data
Manajer konfigurasi
Contoh pencatat
Manajer cache

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class ConfigurationManager
{
    private static ?self $instance = null;
    private array $config = [];

    private function __construct()
    {
        // Load configuration
        $this->loadConfiguration();
    }

    // Prevent cloning
    private function __clone() {}

    // Prevent unserialization
    public function __wakeup()
    {
        throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize singleton");
    }

    public static function getInstance(): self
    {
        if (self::$instance === null) {
            self::$instance = new self();
        }

        return self::$instance;
    }

    private function loadConfiguration(): void
    {
        $helper = Helper::getInstance();
        $this->config = [
            'items_per_page' => $helper->getConfig('items_per_page', 10),
            'allow_comments' => $helper->getConfig('allow_comments', true),
            'date_format' => $helper->getConfig('date_format', 'Y-m-d'),
        ];
    }

    public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
    {
        return $this->config[$key] ?? $default;
    }
}

// Usage
$config = ConfigurationManager::getInstance();
$itemsPerPage = $config->get('items_per_page');

Contoh core XOOPS

<?php
// XoopsDatabaseFactory uses Singleton pattern
$db = XoopsDatabaseFactory::getDatabaseConnection();

// XMF Module Helper uses Singleton
$helper = \Xmf\Module\Helper::getHelper('mymodule');

// Xoops main instance
$xoops = \Xoops::getInstance();

Pola Pabrik

Pola Pabrik membuat objek tanpa menentukan kelas pastinya, sehingga memungkinkan pembuatan objek secara fleksibel.

Kapan Digunakan

Membuat handler secara dinamis
Koneksi database untuk database yang berbeda
Penyedia otentikasi
Pembuatan elemen formulir

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface ContentInterface
{
    public function render(): string;
}

class ArticleContent implements ContentInterface
{
    private array $data;

    public function __construct(array $data)
    {
        $this->data = $data;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return "<article><h2>{$this->data['title']}</h2><p>{$this->data['body']}</p></article>";
    }
}

class NewsContent implements ContentInterface
{
    private array $data;

    public function __construct(array $data)
    {
        $this->data = $data;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return "<div class='news'><h3>{$this->data['headline']}</h3><p>{$this->data['summary']}</p></div>";
    }
}

class ContentFactory
{
    public static function create(string $type, array $data): ContentInterface
    {
        return match ($type) {
            'article' => new ArticleContent($data),
            'news' => new NewsContent($data),
            default => throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Unknown content type: $type"),
        };
    }
}

// Usage
$article = ContentFactory::create('article', ['title' => 'Hello', 'body' => 'World']);
echo $article->render();

Pabrik Basis Data XOOPS

<?php
class XoopsDatabaseFactory
{
    public static function getDatabaseConnection()
    {
        static $instance;

        if (!isset($instance)) {
            $dbType = XOOPS_DB_TYPE ?? 'mysql';
            $className = 'XoopsDatabase' . ucfirst($dbType);

            if (!class_exists($className)) {
                $file = XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/class/database/' . strtolower($dbType) . '.php';
                if (file_exists($file)) {
                    require_once $file;
                }
            }

            $instance = new $className();

            if (!$instance->connect()) {
                trigger_error('Unable to connect to database', E_USER_ERROR);
            }
        }

        return $instance;
    }
}

Pola Pengamat

Pola Pengamat memungkinkan objek diberi tahu tentang perubahan status subjek, sehingga memungkinkan perilaku berdasarkan peristiwa.

Kapan Digunakan

Penanganan acara
Sistem notifikasi
Arsitektur plugin
Pencatatan dan audit

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface ObserverInterface
{
    public function update(string $event, array $data): void;
}

class EventDispatcher
{
    private array $observers = [];

    public function attach(string $event, ObserverInterface $observer): void
    {
        if (!isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            $this->observers[$event] = [];
        }

        $this->observers[$event][] = $observer;
    }

    public function detach(string $event, ObserverInterface $observer): void
    {
        if (isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            $key = array_search($observer, $this->observers[$event], true);
            if ($key !== false) {
                unset($this->observers[$event][$key]);
            }
        }
    }

    public function notify(string $event, array $data = []): void
    {
        if (isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            foreach ($this->observers[$event] as $observer) {
                $observer->update($event, $data);
            }
        }
    }
}

class EmailNotifier implements ObserverInterface
{
    public function update(string $event, array $data): void
    {
        if ($event === 'article.published') {
            // Send email notification
            $this->sendEmail($data['article']);
        }
    }

    private function sendEmail($article): void
    {
        $xoopsMailer = xoops_getMailer();
        $xoopsMailer->setSubject('New Article Published: ' . $article->getVar('title'));
        $xoopsMailer->setBody('A new article has been published.');
        $xoopsMailer->send();
    }
}

// Usage
$dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
$dispatcher->attach('article.published', new EmailNotifier());

// When article is published
$dispatcher->notify('article.published', ['article' => $article]);

XOOPS Pramuat (Implementasi Pengamat)

<?php
class MymoduleCorePreload extends XoopsPreloadItem
{
    public static function eventCoreIncludeCommonEnd($args)
    {
        // React to core common include completing
        $GLOBALS['xoopsLogger']->addExtra('MyModule', 'Initialized');
    }

    public static function eventCoreHeaderEnd($args)
    {
        // Add custom headers
        $GLOBALS['xoTheme']->addStylesheet('modules/mymodule/assets/css/custom.css');
    }

    public static function eventCoreFooterStart($args)
    {
        // Execute before footer renders
    }
}

Pola Dekorator

Pola Dekorator menambahkan perilaku ke objek secara dinamis tanpa memengaruhi objek lain di kelas yang sama.

Kapan Digunakan

Kustomisasi elemen formulir
Pemformatan keluaran
Pemeriksaan izin
Lapisan cache

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface FormElementInterface
{
    public function render(): string;
}

class TextInput implements FormElementInterface
{
    private string $name;
    private string $value;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $value = '')
    {
        $this->name = $name;
        $this->value = $value;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return sprintf(
            '<input type="text" name="%s" value="%s">',
            htmlspecialchars($this->name),
            htmlspecialchars($this->value)
        );
    }
}

abstract class FormElementDecorator implements FormElementInterface
{
    protected FormElementInterface $element;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element)
    {
        $this->element = $element;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render();
    }
}

class RequiredDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render() . '<span class="required">*</span>';
    }
}

class LabelDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    private string $label;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element, string $label)
    {
        parent::__construct($element);
        $this->label = $label;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return sprintf(
            '<label>%s</label>%s',
            htmlspecialchars($this->label),
            $this->element->render()
        );
    }
}

class HelpTextDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    private string $helpText;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element, string $helpText)
    {
        parent::__construct($element);
        $this->helpText = $helpText;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render() . sprintf(
            '<small class="help-text">%s</small>',
            htmlspecialchars($this->helpText)
        );
    }
}

// Usage - decorators can be stacked
$input = new TextInput('username');
$input = new RequiredDecorator($input);
$input = new LabelDecorator($input, 'Username');
$input = new HelpTextDecorator($input, 'Enter your username');

echo $input->render();
// Output: <label>Username</label><input type="text" name="username" value=""><span class="required">*</span><small class="help-text">Enter your username</small>

Pola Strategi

Pola Strategi mendefinisikan sekumpulan algoritme, merangkum masing-masing algoritme, dan membuatnya dapat dipertukarkan.

Kapan Digunakan

Beberapa metode otentikasi
Algoritma pengurutan yang berbeda
Berbagai format ekspor
Aturan validasi yang fleksibel

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface AuthStrategyInterface
{
    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool;
}

class DatabaseAuthStrategy implements AuthStrategyInterface
{
    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        $memberHandler = xoops_getHandler('member');
        $user = $memberHandler->loginUser($username, $password);

        return $user !== false;
    }
}

class LdapAuthStrategy implements AuthStrategyInterface
{
    private string $ldapHost;
    private int $ldapPort;

    public function __construct(string $host, int $port = 389)
    {
        $this->ldapHost = $host;
        $this->ldapPort = $port;
    }

    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        $ldap = ldap_connect($this->ldapHost, $this->ldapPort);

        if (!$ldap) {
            return false;
        }

        $bind = @ldap_bind($ldap, "uid=$username,ou=users,dc=example,dc=com", $password);

        ldap_close($ldap);

        return $bind;
    }
}

class AuthService
{
    private AuthStrategyInterface $strategy;

    public function __construct(AuthStrategyInterface $strategy)
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    public function setStrategy(AuthStrategyInterface $strategy): void
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    public function login(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        return $this->strategy->authenticate($username, $password);
    }
}

// Usage
$authService = new AuthService(new DatabaseAuthStrategy());

// Can switch strategies at runtime
if ($useLdap) {
    $authService->setStrategy(new LdapAuthStrategy('ldap.example.com'));
}

$authenticated = $authService->login($username, $password);

Pola Repositori

Pola Repositori menyediakan lapisan abstraksi antara logika akses data dan logika bisnis.

Kapan Digunakan

Persyaratan akses data yang kompleks
Berbagai sumber data
Lapisan data yang dapat diuji
Desain Berbasis Domain

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule\Repository;

use XoopsModules\MyModule\Entity\Article;

interface ArticleRepositoryInterface
{
    public function find(int $id): ?Article;
    public function findBySlug(string $slug): ?Article;
    public function findPublished(int $limit = 10, int $offset = 0): array;
    public function save(Article $article): bool;
    public function delete(Article $article): bool;
}

class ArticleRepository implements ArticleRepositoryInterface
{
    private \XoopsPersistableObjectHandler $handler;

    public function __construct(\XoopsPersistableObjectHandler $handler)
    {
        $this->handler = $handler;
    }

    public function find(int $id): ?Article
    {
        $obj = $this->handler->get($id);
        return $obj ?: null;
    }

    public function findBySlug(string $slug): ?Article
    {
        $criteria = new \Criteria('slug', $slug);
        $objects = $this->handler->getObjects($criteria);

        return !empty($objects) ? $objects[0] : null;
    }

    public function findPublished(int $limit = 10, int $offset = 0): array
    {
        $criteria = new \CriteriaCompo();
        $criteria->add(new \Criteria('status', 'published'));
        $criteria->setSort('published_at');
        $criteria->setOrder('DESC');
        $criteria->setLimit($limit);
        $criteria->setStart($offset);

        return $this->handler->getObjects($criteria);
    }

    public function save(Article $article): bool
    {
        return $this->handler->insert($article);
    }

    public function delete(Article $article): bool
    {
        return $this->handler->delete($article);
    }
}

Injeksi Ketergantungan

Dependency Injection (DI) memungkinkan objek dibuat dengan dependensinya alih-alih membuatnya secara internal.

Manfaat

Peningkatan kemampuan pengujian
Kopling longgar
Konfigurasi fleksibel
Organisasi kode yang lebih baik

Implementasi

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class ArticleService
{
    private Repository\ArticleRepositoryInterface $repository;
    private CacheInterface $cache;
    private LoggerInterface $logger;

    public function __construct(
        Repository\ArticleRepositoryInterface $repository,
        CacheInterface $cache,
        LoggerInterface $logger
    ) {
        $this->repository = $repository;
        $this->cache = $cache;
        $this->logger = $logger;
    }

    public function getArticle(int $id): ?Entity\Article
    {
        $cacheKey = "article_{$id}";

        // Try cache first
        if ($this->cache->has($cacheKey)) {
            $this->logger->debug("Article {$id} loaded from cache");
            return $this->cache->get($cacheKey);
        }

        // Load from repository
        $article = $this->repository->find($id);

        if ($article) {
            $this->cache->set($cacheKey, $article, 3600);
            $this->logger->debug("Article {$id} loaded from database");
        }

        return $article;
    }
}

// Service container setup
$container = new DependencyContainer();

$container->register('db', fn() => XoopsDatabaseFactory::getDatabaseConnection());

$container->register('articleHandler', fn($c) =>
    new ArticleHandler($c->resolve('db'))
);

$container->register('articleRepository', fn($c) =>
    new Repository\ArticleRepository($c->resolve('articleHandler'))
);

$container->register('cache', fn() => new FileCache(XOOPS_VAR_PATH . '/caches'));

$container->register('logger', fn() => new XoopsLogger());

$container->register('articleService', fn($c) =>
    new ArticleService(
        $c->resolve('articleRepository'),
        $c->resolve('cache'),
        $c->resolve('logger')
    )
);

// Usage
$articleService = $container->resolve('articleService');
$article = $articleService->getArticle(1);

Praktik Terbaik

Pedoman Pemilihan Pola1. Pilih pola berdasarkan kebutuhan aktual, bukan perkiraan

Buat penerapan yang sederhana - jangan melakukan rekayasa berlebihan
Penggunaan pola dokumen untuk pemahaman tim
Gabungkan pola bila diperlukan (misalnya, Pabrik + Singleton)
Pertimbangkan kemampuan untuk diuji saat memilih pola

Anti-Pola Umum yang Harus Dihindari

Anti-Pola	Masalah	Solusi
Objek Tuhan	Kelas melakukan terlalu banyak	Tanggung Jawab Tunggal
Kode Spageti	Tidak ada struktur yang jelas	Gunakan pola MVC
Salin-Tempel	Duplikasi kode	Ekstrak kode umum
Angka Ajaib	Konstanta tidak jelas	Gunakan konstanta bernama
Kopling Ketat	Sulit untuk test/maintain	Gunakan Injeksi Ketergantungan

Pola Pengujian

<?php
// Unit testing with dependency injection
class ArticleServiceTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
{
    private $repository;
    private $cache;
    private $logger;
    private $service;

    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        $this->repository = $this->createMock(ArticleRepositoryInterface::class);
        $this->cache = $this->createMock(CacheInterface::class);
        $this->logger = $this->createMock(LoggerInterface::class);

        $this->service = new ArticleService(
            $this->repository,
            $this->cache,
            $this->logger
        );
    }

    public function testGetArticleFromCache(): void
    {
        $article = new Article();
        $article->setVar('article_id', 1);

        $this->cache->expects($this->once())
            ->method('has')
            ->with('article_1')
            ->willReturn(true);

        $this->cache->expects($this->once())
            ->method('get')
            ->with('article_1')
            ->willReturn($article);

        $result = $this->service->getArticle(1);

        $this->assertSame($article, $result);
    }
}

Dokumentasi Terkait

XOOPS-Arsitektur - Arsitektur sistem secara keseluruhan
Lapisan Basis Data - Pola persistensi data
Praktik Terbaik Keamanan - Penerapan pola yang aman

#xoops #desain-pola #arsitektur #mvc #singleton #pabrik #pengamat