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安全指南

本文檔概述了XOOPS開發的安全最佳實踐,涵蓋輸入驗證、輸出編碼、驗證、授權和防護常見Web漏洞。

flowchart TB
subgraph "縱深防禦"
A[輸入驗證] --> B[驗證]
B --> C[授權]
C --> D[數據淨化]
D --> E[輸出編碼]
E --> F[審計日誌記錄]
end
use Xoops\Core\Request;
// 始終使用類型化的取得器
$id = Request::getInt('id', 0, 'GET');
$name = Request::getString('name', '', 'POST');
$email = Request::getEmail('email', '', 'POST');
$url = Request::getUrl('website', '', 'POST');
// 永遠不要使用原始的$_GET/$_POST/$_REQUEST
// 不好:$id = $_GET['id'];
// 好:$id = Request::getInt('id', 0, 'GET');
// 使用前驗證
if ($id <= 0) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid ID');
}
if (!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{3,50}$/', $username)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid username format');
}
// 為列舉使用白名單驗證
$allowedStatuses = ['draft', 'published', 'archived'];
if (!in_array($status, $allowedStatuses, true)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid status');
}
// 好:參數化查詢
$sql = "SELECT * FROM {$xoopsDB->prefix('users')} WHERE uid = ?";
$result = $xoopsDB->query($sql, [$userId]);
// 不好:字符串連接(易受攻擊!)
// $sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE uid = " . $userId;
use Criteria;
use CriteriaCompo;
$criteria = new CriteriaCompo();
$criteria->add(new Criteria('status', 'published'));
$criteria->add(new Criteria('uid', $userId, '='));
$criteria->add(new Criteria('created', time() - 86400, '>'));
$articles = $articleHandler->getObjects($criteria);
use Xoops\Core\Text\Sanitizer;
// HTML上下文
$safeName = htmlspecialchars($userName, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
// 在範本中(自動轉義)
{$userName|escape}
// 對於豐富內容
$sanitizer = Sanitizer::getInstance();
$safeContent = $sanitizer->sanitizeForDisplay($content);
// 設定CSP標題
header("Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'");
// 產生標記
use Xoops\Core\Security;
$token = Security::createToken();
// 在表單中
echo '<input type="hidden" name="XOOPS_TOKEN_REQUEST" value="' . $token . '">';
// 驗證提交
if (!Security::checkToken()) {
die('Security token mismatch');
}
// 自動新增CSRF標記
$form = new XoopsThemeForm('Edit Article', 'articleform', 'save.php');
$form->addElement(new XoopsFormHiddenToken());
// 雜湊密碼(PHP 5.5+)
$hashedPassword = password_hash($plainPassword, PASSWORD_ARGON2ID);
// 驗證密碼
if (password_verify($plainPassword, $storedHash)) {
// 密碼正確
}
// 檢查是否需要重新雜湊
if (password_needs_rehash($storedHash, PASSWORD_ARGON2ID)) {
$newHash = password_hash($plainPassword, PASSWORD_ARGON2ID);
// 更新存儲的雜湊
}
// 登錄後重新產生會話ID
session_regenerate_id(true);
// 設定安全會話Cookie選項
ini_set('session.cookie_httponly', 1);
ini_set('session.cookie_secure', 1);
ini_set('session.cookie_samesite', 'Lax');
// 檢查模組管理員
if (!$xoopsUser || !$xoopsUser->isAdmin($xoopsModule->mid())) {
redirect_header('index.php', 3, 'Access denied');
}
// 檢查群組權限
$grouppermHandler = xoops_getHandler('groupperm');
$groups = $xoopsUser ? $xoopsUser->getGroups() : [XOOPS_GROUP_ANONYMOUS];
if (!$grouppermHandler->checkRight('view_item', $itemId, $groups, $moduleId)) {
throw new AccessDeniedException('Permission denied');
}
class PermissionChecker
{
public function canEdit(Article $article, ?XoopsUser $user): bool
{
if (!$user) {
return false;
}
// 管理員可以編輯任何內容
if ($user->isAdmin()) {
return true;
}
// 作者可以編輯自己的內容
if ($article->getAuthorId() === $user->uid()) {
return true;
}
// 檢查編輯器權限
return $this->hasPermission($user, 'article_edit');
}
}
class SecureUploader
{
private array $allowedMimeTypes = [
'image/jpeg',
'image/png',
'image/gif'
];
private array $allowedExtensions = ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'gif'];
public function validate(array $file): bool
{
// 檢查檔案大小
if ($file['size'] > 2 * 1024 * 1024) {
throw new FileTooLargeException();
}
// 驗證MIME類型
$finfo = new finfo(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE);
$mimeType = $finfo->file($file['tmp_name']);
if (!in_array($mimeType, $this->allowedMimeTypes, true)) {
throw new InvalidFileTypeException();
}
// 檢查副檔名
$extension = strtolower(pathinfo($file['name'], PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
if (!in_array($extension, $this->allowedExtensions, true)) {
throw new InvalidFileTypeException();
}
// 產生安全檔案名稱
return true;
}
public function generateSafeFilename(string $original): string
{
$extension = strtolower(pathinfo($original, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
return bin2hex(random_bytes(16)) . '.' . $extension;
}
}
class SecurityLogger
{
public function logAuthAttempt(string $username, bool $success, string $ip): void
{
$data = [
'username' => $username,
'success' => $success,
'ip' => $ip,
'user_agent' => $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] ?? '',
'timestamp' => time()
];
// 記錄到資料庫或檔案
$this->log('auth', $data);
}
public function logSensitiveAction(int $userId, string $action, array $context): void
{
$data = [
'user_id' => $userId,
'action' => $action,
'context' => json_encode($context),
'ip' => $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],
'timestamp' => time()
];
$this->log('audit', $data);
}
}
// 建議的安全標題
header('X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff');
header('X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN');
header('X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block');
header('Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin');
header('Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()');
// HSTS(僅用於HTTPS網站)
if (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && $_SERVER['HTTPS'] === 'on') {
header('Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains');
}
class RateLimiter
{
public function check(string $key, int $maxAttempts, int $windowSeconds): bool
{
$cacheKey = 'rate_limit:' . $key;
$attempts = (int) $this->cache->get($cacheKey, 0);
if ($attempts >= $maxAttempts) {
return false; // 速率已限制
}
$this->cache->increment($cacheKey, 1, $windowSeconds);
return true;
}
}
// 用法
$limiter = new RateLimiter();
if (!$limiter->check('login:' . $ip, 5, 300)) {
throw new TooManyRequestsException('Too many login attempts');
}
  • 所有用戶輸入已驗證和淨化
  • 所有資料庫操作的參數化查詢
  • 所有用戶產生內容的輸出編碼
  • 所有狀態改變表單上的CSRF標記
  • 安全密碼雜湊(Argon2id)
  • 會話安全已配置
  • 檔案上傳驗證
  • 安全標題已設定
  • 實施的速率限制
  • 啟用審計日誌記錄
  • 錯誤訊息不洩露敏感訊息
  • 驗證系統
  • 權限系統
  • 輸入驗證