Varnostna konfiguracija

XOOPS Varnostna konfiguracija

Obsežen vodnik za zaščito vaše namestitve XOOPS pred pogostimi spletnimi ranljivostmi.

Varnostni kontrolni seznam

Preden zaženete svoje spletno mesto, uvedite te varnostne ukrepe:

• Pravilno nastavljena dovoljenja za datoteke (644/755)
• Namestitvena mapa je odstranjena ali zaščitena
• glavna datoteka.php protected from modification
• SSL/HTTPS omogočeno na vseh straneh
• Skrbniška mapa je preimenovana ali zaščitena
• Občutljive datoteke niso dostopne prek spleta
• Omejitve [ ] .htaccess veljajo
• Avtomatizirano redno varnostno kopiranje
• Varnostne glave konfigurirane
• CSRF zaščita omogočena
• SQL zaščite pred vbrizgavanjem aktivne
• Modules/extensions posodobljeno

Varnost datotečnega sistema

Dovoljenja za datoteke

Ustrezna dovoljenja za datoteke so ključnega pomena za varnost.

Smernice za dovoljenja

Pot	Dovoljenja	Lastnik	Razlog
glavna datoteka.php	644	root	Contains DB credentials
*.php files	644	root	Prevent unauthorized modification
Imeniki	755	koren	Dovoli branje, prepreči pisanje
predpomnilnik/	777	www-podatki	Spletni strežnik mora pisati
predloge_c/	777	www-podatki	Prevedene predloge
nalaganja/	777	www-podatki	Uporabniški prenosi
var/	777	www-podatki	Spremenljivi podatki
namestiti/	Odstrani	-	Izbriši po namestitvi
konfiguracije/	755	koren	Berljivo, ne zapisljivo

/usr/local/bin/xoops-secure.sh

#!/bin/bash
XOOPS_PATH="/var/www/html/xoops"
WEB_USER="www-data"

# Set ownership
echo "Setting ownership..."
chown -R $WEB_USER:$WEB_USER $XOOPS_PATH

# Set restrictive default permissions
echo "Setting base permissions..."
find $XOOPS_PATH -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
find $XOOPS_PATH -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;

# Make specific directories writable
echo "Setting writable directories..."
chmod 777 $XOOPS_PATH/cache
chmod 777 $XOOPS_PATH/templates_c
chmod 777 $XOOPS_PATH/uploads
chmod 777 $XOOPS_PATH/var

# Protect sensitive files
echo "Protecting sensitive files..."
chmod 644 $XOOPS_PATH/mainfile.php
chmod 444 $XOOPS_PATH/mainfile.php.dist  # If it exists (read-only)

# Verify permissions
echo "Verifying permissions..."
ls -la $XOOPS_PATH | grep -E "mainfile|cache|uploads|var|templates_c"

echo "Security hardening completed!"

Zaženite skript:

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/xoops-secure.sh
/usr/local/bin/xoops-secure.sh

Odstrani namestitveno mapo

CRITICAL: Namestitveno mapo morate po namestitvi odstraniti!

# Option 1: Delete completely
rm -rf /var/www/html/xoops/install/

# Option 2: Rename and keep for reference
mv /var/www/html/xoops/install/ /var/www/html/xoops/install.bak/

# Verify removal
ls -la /var/www/html/xoops/ | grep install

Zaščitite občutljive imenike

Ustvarite datoteke .htaccess za blokiranje spletnega dostopa do občutljivih map:

Datoteka: /var/www/html/XOOPS/var/.htaccess

<FilesMatch "\.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7|phps|pht|phar)$">
    Deny from all
</FilesMatch>

<IfModule mod_autoindex.c>
    Options -Indexes
</IfModule>

Datoteka: /var/www/html/XOOPS/templates_c/.htaccess

<FilesMatch "\.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7|phps|pht|phar)$">
    Deny from all
</FilesMatch>

Options -Indexes

Datoteka: /var/www/html/XOOPS/cache/.htaccess

Options -Indexes
<FilesMatch "\.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7)$">
    Deny from all
</FilesMatch>

Zaščitite imenik za nalaganje

Prepreči izvajanje skriptov pri nalaganjih:

Datoteka: /var/www/html/XOOPS/uploads/.htaccess

# Prevent script execution
<FilesMatch "\.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7|phps|pht|phar|pl|py|jsp|asp|aspx|cgi|sh|bat|exe)$">
    Deny from all
</FilesMatch>

# Prevent directory listing
Options -Indexes

# Additional protection
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteBase /xoops/uploads/

    # Block suspicious files
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} \.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7)$ [NC]
    RewriteRule ^.*$ - [F,L]
</IfModule>

SSL/HTTPS Konfiguracija

Šifrirajte ves promet med uporabniki in vašim strežnikom.

Pridobite SSL certifikat

1. možnost: brezplačno potrdilo podjetja Let’s Encrypt

# Install Certbot
apt-get install certbot python3-certbot-apache

# Obtain certificate (auto-configures Apache)
certbot certonly --apache -d your-domain.com -d www.your-domain.com

# Verify certificate installed
ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/

2. možnost: komercialno potrdilo SSL

Kontaktirajte SSL ponudnika ali registrarja:

1. Nakup potrdila SSL
2. Preverite lastništvo domene
3. Namestite datoteke potrdila na strežnik
4. Konfigurirajte spletni strežnik

Apache SSL Konfiguracija

Ustvarite HTTPS virtualnega gostitelja:

Datoteka: /etc/apache2/sites-available/XOOPS-ssl.conf

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName your-domain.com
    ServerAlias www.your-domain.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/xoops

    # SSL Configuration
    SSLEngine on
    SSLProtocol TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3
    SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5
    SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/cert.pem
    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/privkey.pem
    SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/chain.pem

    # Security Headers
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"
    Header always set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
    Header always set X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"
    Header always set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
    Header always set Referrer-Policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade"
    Header always set Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'"

    <Directory /var/www/html/xoops>
        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>

    # Restrict install folder
    <Directory /var/www/html/xoops/install>
        Deny from all
    </Directory>

    # Logging
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/xoops_ssl_error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/xoops_ssl_access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

# Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName your-domain.com
    ServerAlias www.your-domain.com
    Redirect 301 / https://your-domain.com/
</VirtualHost>

Omogoči konfiguracijo:

# Enable SSL module
a2enmod ssl

# Enable site
a2ensite xoops-ssl

# Disable non-SSL site if exists
a2dissite 000-default

# Test configuration
apache2ctl configtest
# Should output: Syntax OK

# Restart Apache
systemctl restart apache2

Nginx SSL Konfiguracija

Datoteka: /etc/nginx/sites-available/XOOPS

# HTTP to HTTPS redirect
server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
    server_name your-domain.com www.your-domain.com;

    location / {
        return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
    }
}

# HTTPS server
server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    listen [::]:443 ssl http2;

    server_name your-domain.com www.your-domain.com;
    root /var/www/html/xoops;
    index index.php index.html;

    # SSL Certificate Configuration
    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/privkey.pem;

    # Modern SSL Configuration
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;

    # HSTS Header
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;

    # Security Headers
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade" always;
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'" always;

    # Restrict install folder
    location ~ ^/(install|upgrade)/ {
        deny all;
    }

    # Deny access to sensitive files
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
    }

    # PHP-FPM backend
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    }

    # Static files caching
    location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|gif|ico|svg)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }

    # URL rewriting
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }

    # Logging
    access_log /var/log/nginx/xoops_access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/xoops_error.log;
}

Omogoči konfiguracijo:

ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/xoops /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx

Preverite namestitev HTTPS

# Test SSL configuration
openssl s_client -connect your-domain.com:443 -tls1_2

# Check certificate validity
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/your-domain.com/cert.pem -noout -text

# SSL/TLS test online
# https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
# https://www.testssl.sh/

Samodejna obnovitev potrdila Let’s Encrypt

# Enable auto-renewal
systemctl enable certbot.timer
systemctl start certbot.timer

# Test renewal process
certbot renew --dry-run

# Manual renewal if needed
certbot renew --force-renewal

Varnost spletnih aplikacij

Zaščita pred SQL injekcijo

XOOPS uporablja parametrizirane poizvedbe (privzeto varne), vendar vedno:

// UNSAFE - Never do this!
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" . $_GET['name'] . "'";

// SAFE - Use prepared statements
$database = XoopsDatabaseFactory::getDatabaseConnection();
$sql = "SELECT * FROM " . $database->prefix('users') . " WHERE name = ?";
$result = $database->query($sql, array($_GET['name']));

Skriptno izvajanje med spletnimi mesti (XSS) Preprečevanje

Vedno razčisti uporabniški vnos:

// UNSAFE
echo $_GET['user_input'];

// SAFE - Use XOOPS sanitization functions
echo htmlspecialchars($_GET['user_input'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');

// Or use XOOPS functions
$text_sanitizer = new xoops_text_sanitizer();
echo $text_sanitizer->stripSlashesGPC($_GET['user_input']);

Ponarejanje zahtev med spletnimi mesti (CSRF) Preprečevanje

XOOPS vključuje zaščito žetonov CSRF. Vedno vključi žetone:

<!-- In forms -->
<form method="post">
    {xoops_token form=update}
    <input type="text" name="field">
    <input type="submit">
</form>

Onemogoči PHP izvajanje v mapi za nalaganje

Preprečite napadalcem nalaganje in izvajanje PHP:

# Create .htaccess in uploads folder
cat > /var/www/html/xoops/uploads/.htaccess << 'EOF'
<FilesMatch "\.(php|phtml|php3|php4|php5|php6|php7)$">
    Deny from all
</FilesMatch>
php_flag engine off
EOF

# Alternative: Disable execution globally in uploads
chmod 444 /var/www/html/xoops/uploads/  # Read-only

Varnostne glave

Konfigurirajte pomembne varnostne glave HTTP:

# Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS)
# Forces HTTPS for 1 year
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

# X-Content-Type-Options
# Prevents MIME type sniffing
Header always set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"

# X-Frame-Options
# Prevents clickjacking attacks
Header always set X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"

# X-XSS-Protection
# Browser XSS protection
Header always set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"

# Referrer-Policy
# Controls referrer information
Header always set Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin"

# Content-Security-Policy
# Controls resource loading
Header always set Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:; font-src 'self'"

Varnost skrbniške plošče

Preimenuj skrbniško mapo

Zaščitite skrbniško mapo tako, da jo preimenujete:

# Rename admin folder
mv /var/www/html/xoops/admin /var/www/html/xoops/myadmin123

# Update admin access URL
# Old: http://your-domain.com/xoops/admin/
# New: http://your-domain.com/xoops/myadmin123/

Konfigurirajte XOOPS za uporabo preimenovane mape:

Uredite mainfile.php:

// Change this line
define('XOOPS_ADMIN_PATH', '/var/www/html/xoops/myadmin123');

Seznam dovoljenih naslovov IP za skrbnika

Omejite skrbniški dostop na določene IP-je:

Datoteka: /var/www/html/XOOPS/myadmin123/.htaccess

# Allow only specific IPs
<RequireAll>
    Require ip 192.168.1.100   # Your office IP
    Require ip 203.0.113.50    # Your home IP
    Deny from all
</RequireAll>

Ali z Apache 2.2:

Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from 192.168.1.100 203.0.113.50

Močne skrbniške poverilnice

Uveljavi močna gesla za skrbnike:

1. Uporabite vsaj 16 znakov
2. Mešajte velike in male črke, številke, simbole
3. Redno menjajte geslo (vsakih 90 dni)
4. Uporabite upravitelja gesel
5. Omogočite dvostopenjsko avtentikacijo, če je na voljo

Spremljajte dejavnost skrbnika

Omogoči beleženje skrbniške prijave:

Skrbniška plošča > Sistem > Nastavitve > Uporabniške nastavitve

Log Admin Logins: Yes
Log Failed Login Attempts: Yes
Alert Email on Admin Login: Yes

Redno pregledujte dnevnike:

# Check database for login attempts
mysql -u xoops_user -p xoops_db << EOF
SELECT uid, uname, DATE_FROM_UNIXTIME(user_lastlogin) as last_login
FROM xoops_users WHERE uid = 1;
EOF

Redno vzdrževanje

Posodobite XOOPS in module

Posodabljajte XOOPS in vse module:

# Check for updates in admin panel
# Admin > Modules > Check for Updates

# Or via command line
cd /var/www/html/xoops
# Download and install latest version
# Follow upgrade guide

Samodejno varnostno skeniranje

#!/bin/bash
# Security audit script

# Check file permissions
echo "Checking file permissions..."
find /var/www/html/xoops -type f ! -perm 644 ! -name "*.htaccess" | head -10

# Check for suspicious files
echo "Checking for suspicious files..."
find /var/www/html/xoops -type f -name "*.php" -newer /var/www/html/xoops/install/ 2>/dev/null

# Check database for suspicious activity
echo "Checking for failed login attempts..."
mysql -u xoops_user -p xoops_db << EOF
SELECT count(*) as attempts FROM xoops_audittrail WHERE action LIKE '%login%' AND status = 0;
EOF

Redne varnostne kopije

Avtomatizirajte dnevne varnostne kopije:

#!/bin/bash
# Daily backup script

BACKUP_DIR="/backups/xoops"
RETENTION=30  # Keep 30 days

# Backup database
mysqldump -u xoops_user -p xoops_db | gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/db_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql.gz

# Backup files
tar -czf $BACKUP_DIR/files_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /var/www/html/xoops --exclude=cache --exclude=templates_c

# Remove old backups
find $BACKUP_DIR -type f -mtime +$RETENTION -delete

echo "Backup completed at $(date)"

Urnik s cronom:

# Edit crontab
crontab -e

# Add line (runs daily at 2 AM)
0 2 * * * /usr/local/bin/xoops-backup.sh >> /var/log/xoops_backup.log 2>&1

Predloga varnostnega kontrolnega seznama

Uporabite to predlogo za redne varnostne revizije:

Weekly Security Checklist
========================

Date: ___________
Checked by: ___________

File System:
[ ] Permissions correct (644/755)
[ ] Install folder removed
[ ] No suspicious files
[ ] mainfile.php protected

Web Security:
[ ] HTTPS/SSL working
[ ] Security headers present
[ ] Admin panel restricted
[ ] File upload restrictions active
[ ] Login attempts logged

Application:
[ ] XOOPS version current
[ ] All modules updated
[ ] No error messages in logs
[ ] Database optimized
[ ] Cache cleared

Backups:
[ ] Database backed up
[ ] Files backed up
[ ] Backup tested
[ ] Offsite copy verified

Issues Found:
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________

Actions Taken:
1. ___________
2. ___________

Varnostni viri

• Zahteve strežnika
• Osnovna konfiguracija
• Optimizacija zmogljivosti
• OWASP Top 10: https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/

---

Oznake: #varnost #ssl #https #utrjevanje #najboljše prakse

Povezani članki:

• ../Installation/Installation
• ../../06-Publisher-Module/User-Guide/Basic-Configuration
• Sistemske nastavitve
• ../Installation/Upgrading-XOOPS