Ontwerppatronen in XOOPS

2.5.x ✅ 4.0.x ✅

Ontwerppatronen zijn herbruikbare oplossingen voor veel voorkomende softwareontwerpproblemen. XOOPS maakt gebruik van verschillende bekende patronen die helpen de codekwaliteit te behouden, de testbaarheid te verbeteren en de systeemflexibiliteit te vergroten.

Overzicht

Het begrijpen en correct implementeren van ontwerppatronen is cruciaal voor het creëren van onderhoudbare XOOPS-modules. Deze handleiding behandelt de meest gebruikte patronen in de XOOPS-ontwikkeling.

Patroon	Doel	Veelvoorkomende gebruiksscenario’s
MVC	Scheiding van zorgen	Modulestructuur
Singleton	Garantie voor één exemplaar	Databaseverbindingen
Fabriek	Abstractie van objectcreatie	Afhandelaars, database
Waarnemer	Gebeurtenismelding	Vooraf geladen, meldingen
Decorateur	Dynamische gedragsextensie	Formulierelementen, filters
Strategie	Algoritme-uitwisseling	Authenticatie, validatie
Adapter	Interface-compatibiliteit	Integratie van verouderde code
Bewaarplaats	Abstractie van gegevenstoegang	Gegevenspersistentie

Model-View-controller (MVC)

Het MVC-patroon verdeelt een applicatie in drie onderling verbonden componenten, waardoor de codebase beter georganiseerd en testbaar wordt.

Architectuur

flowchart TB
    subgraph MVC["MVC Pattern in XOOPS"]
        Controller["🎮 Controller<br/>(index.php, admin/index.php)"]
        Model["📦 Model<br/>(Handlers)"]
        View["🎨 View<br/>(Templates)"]

        Controller --> Model
        Controller --> View
        Model <--> View
    end

    style Controller fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1976d2
    style Model fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#f57c00
    style View fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#388e3c

Model (gegevenslaag)

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class Article extends \XoopsObject
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->initVar('article_id', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, null, false);
        $this->initVar('title', XOBJ_DTYPE_TXTBOX, '', true, 255);
        $this->initVar('content', XOBJ_DTYPE_TXTAREA, '', true);
        $this->initVar('author_id', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, 0, true);
        $this->initVar('status', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, 1, false);
        $this->initVar('created', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, time(), false);
        $this->initVar('modified', XOBJ_DTYPE_INT, time(), false);
    }

    public function isPublished(): bool
    {
        return $this->getVar('status') === 1;
    }

    public function getFormattedDate(): string
    {
        return formatTimestamp($this->getVar('created'));
    }
}

class ArticleHandler extends \XoopsPersistableObjectHandler
{
    public function __construct(\XoopsDatabase $db)
    {
        parent::__construct($db, 'mymodule_articles', Article::class, 'article_id', 'title');
    }

    public function getPublishedArticles(int $limit = 10): array
    {
        $criteria = new \CriteriaCompo();
        $criteria->add(new \Criteria('status', 1));
        $criteria->setSort('created');
        $criteria->setOrder('DESC');
        $criteria->setLimit($limit);

        return $this->getObjects($criteria);
    }
}

Weergave (presentatielaag)

{* templates/article_list.tpl *}
<div class="article-list">
    <h2>{$smarty.const._MD_MYMODULE_ARTICLES}</h2>

    {foreach from=$articles item=article}
        <article class="article-item">
            <h3>
                <a href="{$xoops_url}/modules/mymodule/article.php?id={$article.article_id}">
                    {$article.title|escape}
                </a>
            </h3>
            <p class="meta">
                {$smarty.const._MD_MYMODULE_POSTED}: {$article.formatted_date}
            </p>
            <div class="content">
                {$article.content|truncate:200}
            </div>
        </article>
    {/foreach}
</div>

Controller (logische laag)

<?php
require_once dirname(__DIR__, 2) . '/mainfile.php';

use XoopsModules\MyModule\Helper;

$helper = Helper::getInstance();
$articleHandler = $helper->getHandler('Article');

// Get action from request
$op = \Xmf\Request::getString('op', 'list');

switch ($op) {
    case 'view':
        $articleId = \Xmf\Request::getInt('id', 0);
        $article = $articleHandler->get($articleId);

        if (!$article) {
            redirect_header(XOOPS_URL, 3, _MD_MYMODULE_NOT_FOUND);
        }

        $GLOBALS['xoopsOption']['template_main'] = 'mymodule_article_view.tpl';
        require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/header.php';

        $xoopsTpl->assign('article', $article->toArray());
        break;

    case 'list':
    default:
        $articles = $articleHandler->getPublishedArticles(10);

        $GLOBALS['xoopsOption']['template_main'] = 'mymodule_article_list.tpl';
        require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/header.php';

        $xoopsTpl->assign('articles', array_map(fn($a) => $a->toArray(), $articles));
        break;
}

require_once XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/footer.php';

Singleton-patroon

Het Singleton-patroon zorgt ervoor dat een klasse slechts één exemplaar heeft en er mondiale toegang toe biedt.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Databaseverbindingen
Configuratiemanagers
Loggerinstanties
Cachebeheerders

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class ConfigurationManager
{
    private static ?self $instance = null;
    private array $config = [];

    private function __construct()
    {
        // Load configuration
        $this->loadConfiguration();
    }

    // Prevent cloning
    private function __clone() {}

    // Prevent unserialization
    public function __wakeup()
    {
        throw new \Exception("Cannot unserialize singleton");
    }

    public static function getInstance(): self
    {
        if (self::$instance === null) {
            self::$instance = new self();
        }

        return self::$instance;
    }

    private function loadConfiguration(): void
    {
        $helper = Helper::getInstance();
        $this->config = [
            'items_per_page' => $helper->getConfig('items_per_page', 10),
            'allow_comments' => $helper->getConfig('allow_comments', true),
            'date_format' => $helper->getConfig('date_format', 'Y-m-d'),
        ];
    }

    public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
    {
        return $this->config[$key] ?? $default;
    }
}

// Usage
$config = ConfigurationManager::getInstance();
$itemsPerPage = $config->get('items_per_page');

XOOPS Kernvoorbeelden

<?php
// XoopsDatabaseFactory uses Singleton pattern
$db = XoopsDatabaseFactory::getDatabaseConnection();

// XMF Module Helper uses Singleton
$helper = \Xmf\Module\Helper::getHelper('mymodule');

// Xoops main instance
$xoops = \Xoops::getInstance();

Fabriekspatroon

Het Factory-patroon maakt objecten zonder hun exacte klasse op te geven, waardoor flexibele objectcreatie mogelijk is.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Dynamisch handlers maken
Databaseverbindingen voor verschillende databases
Authenticatieproviders
Formulierelement creatie

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface ContentInterface
{
    public function render(): string;
}

class ArticleContent implements ContentInterface
{
    private array $data;

    public function __construct(array $data)
    {
        $this->data = $data;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return "<article><h2>{$this->data['title']}</h2><p>{$this->data['body']}</p></article>";
    }
}

class NewsContent implements ContentInterface
{
    private array $data;

    public function __construct(array $data)
    {
        $this->data = $data;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return "<div class='news'><h3>{$this->data['headline']}</h3><p>{$this->data['summary']}</p></div>";
    }
}

class ContentFactory
{
    public static function create(string $type, array $data): ContentInterface
    {
        return match ($type) {
            'article' => new ArticleContent($data),
            'news' => new NewsContent($data),
            default => throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Unknown content type: $type"),
        };
    }
}

// Usage
$article = ContentFactory::create('article', ['title' => 'Hello', 'body' => 'World']);
echo $article->render();

XOOPS Databasefabriek

<?php
class XoopsDatabaseFactory
{
    public static function getDatabaseConnection()
    {
        static $instance;

        if (!isset($instance)) {
            $dbType = XOOPS_DB_TYPE ?? 'mysql';
            $className = 'XoopsDatabase' . ucfirst($dbType);

            if (!class_exists($className)) {
                $file = XOOPS_ROOT_PATH . '/class/database/' . strtolower($dbType) . '.php';
                if (file_exists($file)) {
                    require_once $file;
                }
            }

            $instance = new $className();

            if (!$instance->connect()) {
                trigger_error('Unable to connect to database', E_USER_ERROR);
            }
        }

        return $instance;
    }
}

Waarnemerspatroon

Met het Observer-patroon kunnen objecten op de hoogte worden gesteld van veranderingen in de toestand van een onderwerp, waardoor gebeurtenisgestuurd gedrag mogelijk wordt.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Afhandeling van evenementen
Meldingssystemen
Plugin-architecturen
Loggen en auditen

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface ObserverInterface
{
    public function update(string $event, array $data): void;
}

class EventDispatcher
{
    private array $observers = [];

    public function attach(string $event, ObserverInterface $observer): void
    {
        if (!isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            $this->observers[$event] = [];
        }

        $this->observers[$event][] = $observer;
    }

    public function detach(string $event, ObserverInterface $observer): void
    {
        if (isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            $key = array_search($observer, $this->observers[$event], true);
            if ($key !== false) {
                unset($this->observers[$event][$key]);
            }
        }
    }

    public function notify(string $event, array $data = []): void
    {
        if (isset($this->observers[$event])) {
            foreach ($this->observers[$event] as $observer) {
                $observer->update($event, $data);
            }
        }
    }
}

class EmailNotifier implements ObserverInterface
{
    public function update(string $event, array $data): void
    {
        if ($event === 'article.published') {
            // Send email notification
            $this->sendEmail($data['article']);
        }
    }

    private function sendEmail($article): void
    {
        $xoopsMailer = xoops_getMailer();
        $xoopsMailer->setSubject('New Article Published: ' . $article->getVar('title'));
        $xoopsMailer->setBody('A new article has been published.');
        $xoopsMailer->send();
    }
}

// Usage
$dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
$dispatcher->attach('article.published', new EmailNotifier());

// When article is published
$dispatcher->notify('article.published', ['article' => $article]);

XOOPS vooraf geladen (implementatie van waarnemers)

<?php
class MymoduleCorePreload extends XoopsPreloadItem
{
    public static function eventCoreIncludeCommonEnd($args)
    {
        // React to core common include completing
        $GLOBALS['xoopsLogger']->addExtra('MyModule', 'Initialized');
    }

    public static function eventCoreHeaderEnd($args)
    {
        // Add custom headers
        $GLOBALS['xoTheme']->addStylesheet('modules/mymodule/assets/css/custom.css');
    }

    public static function eventCoreFooterStart($args)
    {
        // Execute before footer renders
    }
}

Decorateurpatroon

Het Decorator-patroon voegt dynamisch gedrag toe aan objecten zonder andere objecten van dezelfde klasse te beïnvloeden.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Aanpassing van formulierelementen
Uitvoerformattering
Toestemmingscontrole
Cachinglagen

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface FormElementInterface
{
    public function render(): string;
}

class TextInput implements FormElementInterface
{
    private string $name;
    private string $value;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $value = '')
    {
        $this->name = $name;
        $this->value = $value;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return sprintf(
            '<input type="text" name="%s" value="%s">',
            htmlspecialchars($this->name),
            htmlspecialchars($this->value)
        );
    }
}

abstract class FormElementDecorator implements FormElementInterface
{
    protected FormElementInterface $element;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element)
    {
        $this->element = $element;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render();
    }
}

class RequiredDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render() . '<span class="required">*</span>';
    }
}

class LabelDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    private string $label;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element, string $label)
    {
        parent::__construct($element);
        $this->label = $label;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return sprintf(
            '<label>%s</label>%s',
            htmlspecialchars($this->label),
            $this->element->render()
        );
    }
}

class HelpTextDecorator extends FormElementDecorator
{
    private string $helpText;

    public function __construct(FormElementInterface $element, string $helpText)
    {
        parent::__construct($element);
        $this->helpText = $helpText;
    }

    public function render(): string
    {
        return $this->element->render() . sprintf(
            '<small class="help-text">%s</small>',
            htmlspecialchars($this->helpText)
        );
    }
}

// Usage - decorators can be stacked
$input = new TextInput('username');
$input = new RequiredDecorator($input);
$input = new LabelDecorator($input, 'Username');
$input = new HelpTextDecorator($input, 'Enter your username');

echo $input->render();
// Output: <label>Username</label><input type="text" name="username" value=""><span class="required">*</span><small class="help-text">Enter your username</small>

Strategiepatroon

Het Strategiepatroon definieert een familie van algoritmen, kapselt ze allemaal in en maakt ze uitwisselbaar.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Meerdere authenticatiemethoden
Verschillende sorteeralgoritmen
Verschillende exportformaten
Flexibele validatieregels

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

interface AuthStrategyInterface
{
    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool;
}

class DatabaseAuthStrategy implements AuthStrategyInterface
{
    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        $memberHandler = xoops_getHandler('member');
        $user = $memberHandler->loginUser($username, $password);

        return $user !== false;
    }
}

class LdapAuthStrategy implements AuthStrategyInterface
{
    private string $ldapHost;
    private int $ldapPort;

    public function __construct(string $host, int $port = 389)
    {
        $this->ldapHost = $host;
        $this->ldapPort = $port;
    }

    public function authenticate(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        $ldap = ldap_connect($this->ldapHost, $this->ldapPort);

        if (!$ldap) {
            return false;
        }

        $bind = @ldap_bind($ldap, "uid=$username,ou=users,dc=example,dc=com", $password);

        ldap_close($ldap);

        return $bind;
    }
}

class AuthService
{
    private AuthStrategyInterface $strategy;

    public function __construct(AuthStrategyInterface $strategy)
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    public function setStrategy(AuthStrategyInterface $strategy): void
    {
        $this->strategy = $strategy;
    }

    public function login(string $username, string $password): bool
    {
        return $this->strategy->authenticate($username, $password);
    }
}

// Usage
$authService = new AuthService(new DatabaseAuthStrategy());

// Can switch strategies at runtime
if ($useLdap) {
    $authService->setStrategy(new LdapAuthStrategy('ldap.example.com'));
}

$authenticated = $authService->login($username, $password);

Opslagpatroon

Het Repository-patroon biedt een abstractielaag tussen logica voor gegevenstoegang en bedrijfslogica.

Wanneer te gebruiken

Complexe vereisten voor gegevenstoegang
Meerdere gegevensbronnen
Testbare gegevenslagen
Domeingestuurd ontwerp

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule\Repository;

use XoopsModules\MyModule\Entity\Article;

interface ArticleRepositoryInterface
{
    public function find(int $id): ?Article;
    public function findBySlug(string $slug): ?Article;
    public function findPublished(int $limit = 10, int $offset = 0): array;
    public function save(Article $article): bool;
    public function delete(Article $article): bool;
}

class ArticleRepository implements ArticleRepositoryInterface
{
    private \XoopsPersistableObjectHandler $handler;

    public function __construct(\XoopsPersistableObjectHandler $handler)
    {
        $this->handler = $handler;
    }

    public function find(int $id): ?Article
    {
        $obj = $this->handler->get($id);
        return $obj ?: null;
    }

    public function findBySlug(string $slug): ?Article
    {
        $criteria = new \Criteria('slug', $slug);
        $objects = $this->handler->getObjects($criteria);

        return !empty($objects) ? $objects[0] : null;
    }

    public function findPublished(int $limit = 10, int $offset = 0): array
    {
        $criteria = new \CriteriaCompo();
        $criteria->add(new \Criteria('status', 'published'));
        $criteria->setSort('published_at');
        $criteria->setOrder('DESC');
        $criteria->setLimit($limit);
        $criteria->setStart($offset);

        return $this->handler->getObjects($criteria);
    }

    public function save(Article $article): bool
    {
        return $this->handler->insert($article);
    }

    public function delete(Article $article): bool
    {
        return $this->handler->delete($article);
    }
}

Afhankelijkheidsinjectie

Met Dependency Injection (DI) kunnen objecten worden geconstrueerd met hun afhankelijkheden in plaats van ze intern te creëren.

Voordelen

Verbeterde testbaarheid
Losse koppeling
Flexibele configuratie
Betere code-organisatie

Implementatie

<?php
namespace XoopsModules\MyModule;

class ArticleService
{
    private Repository\ArticleRepositoryInterface $repository;
    private CacheInterface $cache;
    private LoggerInterface $logger;

    public function __construct(
        Repository\ArticleRepositoryInterface $repository,
        CacheInterface $cache,
        LoggerInterface $logger
    ) {
        $this->repository = $repository;
        $this->cache = $cache;
        $this->logger = $logger;
    }

    public function getArticle(int $id): ?Entity\Article
    {
        $cacheKey = "article_{$id}";

        // Try cache first
        if ($this->cache->has($cacheKey)) {
            $this->logger->debug("Article {$id} loaded from cache");
            return $this->cache->get($cacheKey);
        }

        // Load from repository
        $article = $this->repository->find($id);

        if ($article) {
            $this->cache->set($cacheKey, $article, 3600);
            $this->logger->debug("Article {$id} loaded from database");
        }

        return $article;
    }
}

// Service container setup
$container = new DependencyContainer();

$container->register('db', fn() => XoopsDatabaseFactory::getDatabaseConnection());

$container->register('articleHandler', fn($c) =>
    new ArticleHandler($c->resolve('db'))
);

$container->register('articleRepository', fn($c) =>
    new Repository\ArticleRepository($c->resolve('articleHandler'))
);

$container->register('cache', fn() => new FileCache(XOOPS_VAR_PATH . '/caches'));

$container->register('logger', fn() => new XoopsLogger());

$container->register('articleService', fn($c) =>
    new ArticleService(
        $c->resolve('articleRepository'),
        $c->resolve('cache'),
        $c->resolve('logger')
    )
);

// Usage
$articleService = $container->resolve('articleService');
$article = $articleService->getArticle(1);

Beste praktijken

Richtlijnen voor patroonselectie1. Kies patronen op basis van werkelijke behoeften, niet op basis van verwachte behoeften

Houd implementaties eenvoudig - over-engineer niet
Documentpatroongebruik voor begrip van het team
Combineer patronen indien nodig (bijvoorbeeld Factory + Singleton)
Houd rekening met de testbaarheid bij het selecteren van patronen

Veel voorkomende antipatronen die u moet vermijden

Antipatroon	Probleem	Oplossing
God-object	Klasse doet te veel	Eén verantwoordelijkheid
Spaghetticode	Geen duidelijke structuur	Gebruik MVC-patroon
Kopiëren-Plakken	Codeduplicatie	Algemene code extraheren
Magische getallen	Onduidelijke constanten	Gebruik benoemde constanten
Strakke koppeling	Moeilijk te testen/onderhouden	Gebruik afhankelijkheidsinjectie

Patronen testen

<?php
// Unit testing with dependency injection
class ArticleServiceTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
{
    private $repository;
    private $cache;
    private $logger;
    private $service;

    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        $this->repository = $this->createMock(ArticleRepositoryInterface::class);
        $this->cache = $this->createMock(CacheInterface::class);
        $this->logger = $this->createMock(LoggerInterface::class);

        $this->service = new ArticleService(
            $this->repository,
            $this->cache,
            $this->logger
        );
    }

    public function testGetArticleFromCache(): void
    {
        $article = new Article();
        $article->setVar('article_id', 1);

        $this->cache->expects($this->once())
            ->method('has')
            ->with('article_1')
            ->willReturn(true);

        $this->cache->expects($this->once())
            ->method('get')
            ->with('article_1')
            ->willReturn($article);

        $result = $this->service->getArticle(1);

        $this->assertSame($article, $result);
    }
}

Gerelateerde documentatie

XOOPS-architectuur - Algemene systeemarchitectuur
Databaselaag - Gegevenspersistentiepatronen
Beste praktijken op het gebied van beveiliging - Implementatie van veilige patronen

#xoops #design-patterns #architecture #mvc #singleton #factory #observer